Lactic acid is an Alpha hydroxyl acid (AHA) produced by the fermentation of certain foodstuffs such as milk. It is one of the most skin-sensitive AHAs which enables it be used on dry and/or moderately sensitive skins.

In low concentrations it has hydrating properties. In higher concentrations it is a powerful exfoliator which dissolves the lipids that attach to dead cells and facilitates their release, thereby stimulating the cell renewal cycle. It is indicated for the treatment of sun produced skin blemishes and for skin tone and texture improvement. It also has important skin moisturising properties.

With a pKa of 3.83, it is an acid that dissolves quickly above pH 3 levels. At a physiological pH value of the skin it will be 97.7% dissociated. Traditionally, in order to be effective, it is formulated in very acidic mediums increasing the dosage in line with any increase in the pH in the formula. This for the purpose of ensuring sufficient acid active ingredient in the skin i.e. NOT dissociated. It should be noted that a greater concentration does not automatically mean greater efficiency as much depends on the pH level of the formulation.

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